Uruk is the first fully historical analysis of the origins of the city and of the state in southern Mesopotamia, the region providing the earliest evidence in world history related to these seminal developments. Contrasting his approach—influenced by V. Gordan Childe and by Marxist theory—with the neo-evolutionist ideas of (especially) American anthropological theory, Liverani argues that the innovations that took place during the ‘Uruk period’ (most of the fourth millennium bce) were a ‘true revolution’ that fundamentally changed all aspects of society and culture.